# PlasmaCloud Netboot Image Builder - Technical Overview

## Introduction

This document provides a technical overview of the PlasmaCloud NixOS Image Builder, which generates bootable netboot images for bare-metal provisioning. This is part of T032 (Bare-Metal Provisioning) and specifically implements deliverable S3 (NixOS Image Builder).

## System Architecture

### High-Level Flow

```
┌─────────────────────┐
│  Nix Flake          │
│  (flake.nix)        │
└──────────┬──────────┘
           │
           ├─── nixosConfigurations
           │    ├── netboot-control-plane
           │    ├── netboot-worker
           │    └── netboot-all-in-one
           │
           ├─── packages (T024)
           │    ├── chainfire-server
           │    ├── flaredb-server
           │    └── ... (8 services)
           │
           └─── modules (T024)
                ├── chainfire.nix
                ├── flaredb.nix
                └── ... (8 modules)

         Build Process
              ↓

┌─────────────────────┐
│  build-images.sh    │
└──────────┬──────────┘
           │
           ├─── nix build netbootRamdisk
           ├─── nix build kernel
           └─── copy to artifacts/

         Output
              ↓

┌─────────────────────┐
│  Netboot Artifacts  │
├─────────────────────┤
│  bzImage (kernel)   │
│  initrd (ramdisk)   │
│  netboot.ipxe       │
└─────────────────────┘
           │
           ├─── PXE Server
           │    (HTTP/TFTP)
           │
           └─── Target Machine
                (PXE Boot)
```

## Component Breakdown

### 1. Netboot Configurations

Located in `nix/images/`, these NixOS configurations define the netboot environment:

#### `netboot-base.nix`
**Purpose**: Common base configuration for all profiles

**Key Features**:
- Extends `netboot-minimal.nix` from nixpkgs
- SSH server with root login (key-based only)
- Generic kernel with broad hardware support
- Disk management tools (disko, parted, cryptsetup, lvm2)
- Network configuration (DHCP, predictable interface names)
- Serial console support (ttyS0, tty0)
- Minimal system (no docs, no sound)

**Package Inclusions**:
```nix
disko, parted, gptfdisk     # Disk management
cryptsetup, lvm2            # Encryption and LVM
e2fsprogs, xfsprogs         # Filesystem tools
iproute2, curl, tcpdump     # Network tools
vim, tmux, htop             # System tools
```

**Kernel Configuration**:
```nix
boot.kernelPackages = pkgs.linuxPackages_latest;
boot.kernelParams = [
  "console=ttyS0,115200"
  "console=tty0"
  "loglevel=4"
];
```

#### `netboot-control-plane.nix`
**Purpose**: Full control plane deployment

**Imports**:
- `netboot-base.nix` (base configuration)
- `../modules` (PlasmaCloud service modules)

**Service Inclusions**:
- Chainfire (ports 2379, 2380, 2381)
- FlareDB (ports 2479, 2480)
- IAM (port 8080)
- PlasmaVMC (port 8081)
- NovaNET (port 8082)
- FlashDNS (port 53)
- FiberLB (port 8083)
- LightningStor (port 8084)
- K8sHost (port 8085)

**Service State**: All services **disabled** by default via `lib.mkDefault false`

**Resource Limits** (for netboot environment):
```nix
MemoryMax = "512M"
CPUQuota = "50%"
```

#### `netboot-worker.nix`
**Purpose**: Compute-focused worker nodes

**Imports**:
- `netboot-base.nix`
- `../modules`

**Service Inclusions**:
- PlasmaVMC (VM management)
- NovaNET (SDN)

**Additional Features**:
- KVM virtualization support
- Open vSwitch for SDN
- QEMU and libvirt tools
- Optimized sysctl for VM workloads

**Performance Tuning**:
```nix
"fs.file-max" = 1000000;
"net.ipv4.ip_forward" = 1;
"net.core.netdev_max_backlog" = 5000;
```

#### `netboot-all-in-one.nix`
**Purpose**: Single-node deployment with all services

**Imports**:
- `netboot-base.nix`
- `../modules`

**Combines**: All features from control-plane + worker

**Use Cases**:
- Development environments
- Small deployments
- Edge locations
- POC installations

### 2. Flake Integration

The main `flake.nix` exposes netboot configurations:

```nix
nixosConfigurations = {
  netboot-control-plane = nixpkgs.lib.nixosSystem {
    system = "x86_64-linux";
    modules = [ ./nix/images/netboot-control-plane.nix ];
  };

  netboot-worker = nixpkgs.lib.nixosSystem {
    system = "x86_64-linux";
    modules = [ ./nix/images/netboot-worker.nix ];
  };

  netboot-all-in-one = nixpkgs.lib.nixosSystem {
    system = "x86_64-linux";
    modules = [ ./nix/images/netboot-all-in-one.nix ];
  };
};
```

### 3. Build Script

`build-images.sh` orchestrates the build process:

**Workflow**:
1. Parse command-line arguments (--profile, --output-dir)
2. Create output directories
3. For each profile:
   - Build netboot ramdisk: `nix build ...netbootRamdisk`
   - Build kernel: `nix build ...kernel`
   - Copy artifacts (bzImage, initrd)
   - Generate iPXE boot script
   - Calculate and display sizes
4. Verify outputs (file existence, size sanity checks)
5. Copy to PXE server (if available)
6. Print summary

**Build Commands**:
```bash
nix build .#nixosConfigurations.netboot-$profile.config.system.build.netbootRamdisk
nix build .#nixosConfigurations.netboot-$profile.config.system.build.kernel
```

**Output Structure**:
```
artifacts/
├── control-plane/
│   ├── bzImage          # ~10-30 MB
│   ├── initrd           # ~100-300 MB
│   ├── netboot.ipxe     # iPXE script
│   ├── build.log        # Build log
│   ├── initrd-link      # Nix result symlink
│   └── kernel-link      # Nix result symlink
├── worker/
│   └── ... (same structure)
└── all-in-one/
    └── ... (same structure)
```

## Integration Points

### T024 NixOS Modules

The netboot configurations leverage T024 service modules:

**Module Structure** (example: chainfire.nix):
```nix
{
  options.services.chainfire = {
    enable = lib.mkEnableOption "chainfire service";
    port = lib.mkOption { ... };
    raftPort = lib.mkOption { ... };
    package = lib.mkOption { ... };
  };

  config = lib.mkIf cfg.enable {
    users.users.chainfire = { ... };
    systemd.services.chainfire = { ... };
  };
}
```

**Package Availability**:
```nix
# In netboot-control-plane.nix
environment.systemPackages = with pkgs; [
  chainfire-server  # From flake overlay
  flaredb-server    # From flake overlay
  # ...
];
```

### T032.S2 PXE Infrastructure

The build script integrates with the PXE server:

**Copy Workflow**:
```bash
# Build script copies to:
chainfire/baremetal/pxe-server/assets/nixos/
├── control-plane/
│   ├── bzImage
│   └── initrd
├── worker/
│   ├── bzImage
│   └── initrd
└── all-in-one/
    ├── bzImage
    └── initrd
```

**iPXE Boot Script** (generated):
```ipxe
#!ipxe
kernel ${boot-server}/control-plane/bzImage init=/nix/store/*/init console=ttyS0,115200
initrd ${boot-server}/control-plane/initrd
boot
```

## Build Process Deep Dive

### NixOS Netboot Build Internals

1. **netboot-minimal.nix** (from nixpkgs):
   - Provides base netboot functionality
   - Configures initrd with kexec support
   - Sets up squashfs for Nix store

2. **Our Extensions**:
   - Add PlasmaCloud service packages
   - Configure SSH for nixos-anywhere
   - Include provisioning tools (disko, etc.)
   - Customize kernel and modules

3. **Build Outputs**:
   - **bzImage**: Compressed Linux kernel
   - **initrd**: Squashfs-compressed initial ramdisk containing:
     - Minimal NixOS system
     - Nix store with service packages
     - Init scripts for booting

### Size Optimization Strategies

**Current Optimizations**:
```nix
documentation.enable = false;          # -50MB
documentation.nixos.enable = false;    # -20MB
i18n.supportedLocales = [ "en_US" ];   # -100MB
```

**Additional Strategies** (if needed):
- Use `linuxPackages_hardened` (smaller kernel)
- Remove unused kernel modules
- Compress with xz instead of gzip
- On-demand package fetching from HTTP substituter

**Expected Sizes**:
- **Control Plane**: ~250-350 MB (initrd)
- **Worker**: ~150-250 MB (initrd)
- **All-in-One**: ~300-400 MB (initrd)

## Boot Flow

### From PXE to Running System

```
1. PXE Boot
   ├─ DHCP discovers boot server
   ├─ TFTP loads iPXE binary
   └─ iPXE executes boot script

2. Netboot Download
   ├─ HTTP downloads bzImage (~20MB)
   ├─ HTTP downloads initrd (~200MB)
   └─ kexec into NixOS installer

3. NixOS Installer (in RAM)
   ├─ Init system starts
   ├─ Network configuration (DHCP)
   ├─ SSH server starts
   └─ Ready for nixos-anywhere

4. Installation (nixos-anywhere)
   ├─ SSH connection established
   ├─ Disk partitioning (disko)
   ├─ NixOS system installation
   ├─ Secret injection
   └─ Bootloader installation

5. First Boot (from disk)
   ├─ GRUB/systemd-boot loads
   ├─ Services start (enabled)
   ├─ Cluster join (if configured)
   └─ Running PlasmaCloud node
```

## Customization Guide

### Adding a New Service

**Step 1**: Create NixOS module
```nix
# nix/modules/myservice.nix
{ config, lib, pkgs, ... }:
{
  options.services.myservice = {
    enable = lib.mkEnableOption "myservice";
  };

  config = lib.mkIf cfg.enable {
    systemd.services.myservice = { ... };
  };
}
```

**Step 2**: Add to flake packages
```nix
# flake.nix
packages.myservice-server = buildRustWorkspace { ... };
```

**Step 3**: Include in netboot profile
```nix
# nix/images/netboot-control-plane.nix
environment.systemPackages = with pkgs; [
  myservice-server
];

services.myservice = {
  enable = lib.mkDefault false;
};
```

### Creating a Custom Profile

**Step 1**: Create new netboot configuration
```nix
# nix/images/netboot-custom.nix
{ config, pkgs, lib, ... }:
{
  imports = [
    ./netboot-base.nix
    ../modules
  ];

  # Your customizations
  environment.systemPackages = [ ... ];
}
```

**Step 2**: Add to flake
```nix
# flake.nix
nixosConfigurations.netboot-custom = nixpkgs.lib.nixosSystem {
  system = "x86_64-linux";
  modules = [ ./nix/images/netboot-custom.nix ];
};
```

**Step 3**: Update build script
```bash
# build-images.sh
profiles_to_build=("control-plane" "worker" "all-in-one" "custom")
```

## Security Model

### Netboot Phase

**Risk**: Netboot image has root SSH access enabled

**Mitigations**:
1. **Key-based authentication only** (no passwords)
2. **Isolated provisioning VLAN**
3. **MAC address whitelist in DHCP**
4. **Firewall disabled only during install**

### Post-Installation

Services remain disabled until final configuration enables them:

```nix
# In installed system configuration
services.chainfire.enable = true;  # Overrides lib.mkDefault false
```

### Secret Management

Secrets are **NOT** embedded in netboot images:

```nix
# During nixos-anywhere installation:
scp secrets/* root@target:/tmp/secrets/

# Installed system references:
services.chainfire.settings.tls = {
  cert_path = "/etc/nixos/secrets/tls-cert.pem";
};
```

## Performance Characteristics

### Build Times

- **First build**: 30-60 minutes (downloads all dependencies)
- **Incremental builds**: 5-15 minutes (reuses cached artifacts)
- **With local cache**: 2-5 minutes

### Network Requirements

- **Initial download**: ~2GB (nixpkgs + dependencies)
- **Netboot download**: ~200-400MB per node
- **Installation**: ~500MB-2GB (depending on services)

### Hardware Requirements

**Build Machine**:
- CPU: 4+ cores recommended
- RAM: 8GB minimum, 16GB recommended
- Disk: 50GB free space
- Network: Broadband connection

**Target Machine**:
- RAM: 4GB minimum for netboot (8GB+ for production)
- Network: PXE boot support, DHCP
- Disk: Depends on disko configuration

## Testing Strategy

### Verification Steps

1. **Syntax Validation**:
   ```bash
   nix flake check
   ```

2. **Build Test**:
   ```bash
   ./build-images.sh --profile control-plane
   ```

3. **Artifact Verification**:
   ```bash
   file artifacts/control-plane/bzImage  # Should be Linux kernel
   file artifacts/control-plane/initrd   # Should be compressed data
   ```

4. **PXE Boot Test**:
   - Boot VM from netboot image
   - Verify SSH access
   - Check available tools (disko, parted, etc.)

5. **Installation Test**:
   - Run nixos-anywhere on test target
   - Verify successful installation
   - Check service availability

## Troubleshooting Matrix

| Symptom | Possible Cause | Solution |
|---------|---------------|----------|
| Build fails | Missing flakes | Enable experimental-features |
| Large initrd | Too many packages | Remove unused packages |
| SSH fails | Wrong SSH key | Update authorized_keys |
| Boot hangs | Wrong kernel params | Check console= settings |
| No network | DHCP issues | Verify useDHCP = true |
| Service missing | Package not built | Check flake overlay |

## Future Enhancements

### Planned Improvements

1. **Image Variants**:
   - Minimal installer (no services)
   - Debug variant (with extra tools)
   - Rescue mode (for recovery)

2. **Build Optimizations**:
   - Parallel profile builds
   - Incremental rebuild detection
   - Binary cache integration

3. **Security Enhancements**:
   - Per-node SSH keys
   - TPM-based secrets
   - Measured boot support

4. **Monitoring**:
   - Build metrics collection
   - Size trend tracking
   - Performance benchmarking

## References

- **NixOS Netboot**: https://nixos.wiki/wiki/Netboot
- **nixos-anywhere**: https://github.com/nix-community/nixos-anywhere
- **disko**: https://github.com/nix-community/disko
- **T032 Design**: `docs/por/T032-baremetal-provisioning/design.md`
- **T024 Modules**: `nix/modules/`

## Revision History

| Version | Date | Author | Changes |
|---------|------|--------|---------|
| 1.0 | 2025-12-10 | T032.S3 | Initial implementation |